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| Multiracial Home Page | Katherine Rhoade's Home Page |
| Annotated Bibliography Journal Articles Related to Multiracial Identity Development- click on highlighted section for annotation. |
| Bowels, D. D. (1993). Bi-racial identity: Children born to African-American and white couples. Clinical Social Work Journal, 21, 417-428. |
| This article uses the experiences of various biracial clients and the negative impact that feeling forced to choose one racial identity over the other has caused them. |
| Brown, Ursula M. Ph.D. (1995). Black/White Interracial Young Adults: Quest for A Racial Identity. American Orthopsychiatric Association, INC. 125-130. |
| The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among racial identity, conflict, and self-esteem in interracial young adults. The study was conducted on 119 young adults between the ages of 18 and 35 who were the offspring of one socially-defined black and one socially-defined white parent. The Brown Interracial Young Adult Interview was used to measure demographics; the degree to which respondents identity themselves as a black, white, or interracial person; and the experiences that influenced their identity outcome.
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| Carey, John C., Reinat, Maria, Fontes, Lisa (1990). School Counselors’ Perceptions of Training Needs in Multicultural Counseling. Counselor Education And Supervision. 29, 155-169 |
| The purpose of this study was to determine school counselors’ perceived levels of need for training in multicultural counseling. There are some difficulties to estimate these levels of need among school counselors. One of these is that there are not many significant amounts of studies on this issue because multicultural counseling has been focused on college-based and community health issues. Secondly, in the field of multicultural counseling there is no general agreement for which types of training are needed. Lastly, it seems that awareness of a need for multicultural counseling is low among counselors. The author, therefore, developed a comprehensive taxonomy of training objectives for multicultural counseling in a school setting. This taxonomy was used for a needs-assessment instrument. |
| Grove, K. J. (1991). Identity development in interracial Asian/White late adolescents: Must it be so problematic? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 617-628. |
| The present study looks into the identity development of interracial adolescents, specifically Asian/Asian White adolescents and compares their interracial identity development with Asian and with white identity development. |
| Herring, Roger D. (1992) Biracial Children: An Increasing Concern for Elementary and Middle School Counselors. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling.27, 123-130 |
| As ethnic group interactions expands, the number of interracial marriages increases. Interracial children show unique characteristics in society. Because of this uniqueness, they may have some problems and social needs. This article shows a concise overview of the problems, a broad picture of the situation that interracial children face, and some suggestions for counseling intervention. |
| Hirschfeld, L. A. (1995). The inheritability of identity: Children’s understanding of the cultural biology of race. Child Development, 66, 1418-1437. |
| The purpose of this study is to examine when children begin using the one-drop of blood rule for assigning mixed race children to their minority racial group and the meaning that they give this rule. Four experiments examined the differences in adults' and grade school children’s beliefs about the inheritability of identity or racial categorization. |
| Johnson, Deborah J., Racial Preference and Biculturality in Biracial Preschoolers, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 38, 2, 233-244 |
| This study discusses the preferences for racial identity of biracial and monoracial children, and whether it is empirically important to regard biracial children as a distinct group. The sample was taken from 3, 4, and 5 year olds from four Chicago preschools. The children were categorized as black, white, and biracial according to the race of their parents. The Preschool Racial Attitude Measure II (PRAM II) was used as an instrument to assess the sample. The PRAM II consists of two parts. One consists of racial attitude items, and the other consists of sex role stereotype items (237). |
| Kerwin, C., Ponterotto, J. G., Jackson, B. L., & Harris, A. (1993). Racial identity in biracial children: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2, 221-231. |
| This research article focuses to uncover important issues and concerns for those directly involved in biracial identity development. For the purposes of this article, it includes six families--Black/White interracially married parents and their biracial children (ranging between the ages of 5-16 years). Most of the families lived in an area with a high portion of interracial families and varied in terms of educational and economic status. |
| Miller, R. L. & Miller, B. (1990). Mothering the biracial child: Bridging the gaps between African-American and white parenting styles. Women and Therapy, 10, 169-179. |
| The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of the parenting skills needed to help biracial (African-American/white) children handle life effectively. |
| Nishimura, N. J. (1998). Assessing the issues of multiracial students on college campuses. Journal of College Counseling,1, 45-53. (Click here- Nancy Nishimura's Home Page) |
| This article is based on a preliminary study, which looks into multiracial college students’ attitudes about the challenges that they encounter on campus. The focus of the article is to emphasis a need for college counselors to broaden their views of diversity in order to adapt to the growing multiracial and multiethnic student population. |
| Root, M. P. P. (1990). Resolving the "other" status: Identity development of biracial individuals. Women and Therapy, 9, 185-205. |
| Maria Root looks into the socially repressive status placed on biracial individuals and describes a model for identity resolution for individuals experiencing conflict with the "other" status. |
| Tizard, B. & Phoenix, A. (1995). The identity of mixed parentage adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatric, 36, 1399-1410. |
| This article discusses theories regarding "black identity," in comparison with a group of adolescent students with one white and one African or African—Caribbean parent. The study, conducted in Britain, researched adolescents between the ages of 15 and 16. |
| Xie, Y. (1997). The racial identification of biracial children with one Asian parent: Evidence from the 1990 census. Social Forces, 76, 547-570. |
| This study used data from the 1990 U.S. Census, selecting families with children under 15 years of age and living with both biological parents—one of which is Asian and the other is non-Asian. The racial category that parents placed their biracial children into is compared on a number of variables. |
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Last updated: May 2, 1999 Created by Carrie Ferber and Kayoko Nakamura Contact information: Katherine Rhoades, rhoadeka@uwec.edu |