EXAM REVIEW MATERIALS
GEOG 111 (Kaldjian)

Pray, and pray hard, but don’t stop rowing.
                                             – Russian Sailors’ proverb

This study guide is only to help you get started, and is not necessarily comprehensive.  If it seems like a lot, it is because you have learned a lot.  This guide is organized by chapter.  Generally, each exam covers 3-4 chapters, as indicated by the color groupings below.  Specific chapters emphasized on each exam will be clarified in class or by email.

TO BRING TO EACH EXAM: 2 pencils, eraser, and UWEC student ID number. 

FORMAT: The format of every exam will be multiple choice, true false and matching.  Questions are taken from the course text, lecture and specified readings.

READINGS: You are expected to have read and understood the textbook.  The specific pages from Knox & Marston, 2009 from which exam questions will be taken are provided below, by chapter.

LECTURES: Questions come from power point lectures and classroom discussion.  All power point lectures are linked to the course web schedule.  In addition, each exam will have a map quiz component, based on those countries used as examples in lecture, roughly one country per lecture, or about 15-20 per exam.

SUGGESTIONS: As you study, put emphasis on examples to help you understand relationships and concepts. While specific facts and figures are important, at a minimum you should be able to recognize and understand accurate facts and figures in order to be able distinguish them from false ones.  For example, rather than be able to identify different map projections from how the maps look, know the reason for different map projects and how and why map projections differ; instead of knowing the definition of agglomeration diseconomies, think about the pollution, traffic and social problems that a company has to deal with as it benefits from other things by being located in the city; if given a country and basic information about it, understand how it fits into the world system of core and periphery; know how to describe a place in terms of its site and situation, and the significance of each. Even acronyms and initialisms are important, so you should understand why an LDC or a NIC with a low GDP might prefer an EPZ full of TNCs rather than an SAP from the IMF or a bum deal from the WTO.

TERMS:  Know all terms in the context of human geography.  That is, know the relationships between them, what they exemplify, be able to provide appropriate examples to demonstrate your comprehension, and recognize the concepts from examples. In addition to the terms listed below, you should know terms that were introduced in lecture and found on the power point slides.  NOTE: Because exams are scan-form, you will not be asked to provide definitions, but to be able to distinguish correct definitions from incorrect ones. This means that it is more important to understand the meanings and significance of the following terms in the context of human geography rather than memorizing definitions verbatim.  Finally, recognize both the representativeness and the limits of examples given in the text and in lecture.  Note that numerous terms are introduced and used in more than one chapter.
SAMPLE QUESTIONS:  EXAM #1 EXAM #2 EXAM #3

WORLD REGIONS MAP
Study maps: AZ Geographic Alliance -- follow link to maps

READINGS AND TERMS
Appendix A: Pages 475-484
Terms: choropleth map, located charts, topographic map, isopleth map, isolines, thematic map, proportional symbols, dot maps, map scale, large scale, small scale, map projection, cartogram, Peters projection, Mercator projection, GIS
Chapter 1: Pages 1-11, 14-15, 20-33, 36-39
Terms: interdependence, scale, accessibility, cartography, cognitive distance, cognitive space, distance-decay, economies of scale, utility of a place, environmental determinism, ethnocentrism, friction of distance, globalization, imperialism, latitude, longitude, map projection, cognitive images, mental map, region (formal, functional, perceptual), regional geography, site, situation, spatial diffusion (cascade/hierarchical, expansion/contagion), time-space convergence, topological space, utility, and fundamental concepts of spatial analysis (location, distance, space, accessibility, physical and human geography, spatial interaction (complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunities), geographical imagination, locational decisions,
Chapter 2: Pages 41-81
Terms:  colonialism, commodity chains, comparative advantage, colonization, urbanization, core/semiperipheral/peripheral regions and relationships, digital divide, division of labor, fast & slow worlds, globalization, hearth areas, hegemony, hinterland, import substitution, law of diminishing returns, leadership cycles, minisystems, neo-colonialism, plantation, states, nations, transnational corporation (TNC), world empire, world-system, lesser developed country (LDC), external arena, international division of labor, First/Second/Third Worlds, NICs, containerization, external arena
Chapter 7: Pages 249-295, 438 & 443 on informal economies
Terms:  economies of scale, agglomeration economies and diseconomies, agglomeration effects, ancillary activities, forward and backward linkages, economic development, developmentalism, backwash effects, creative destruction, cumulative causation, export processing zones (EPZs), deindustrialization, economic structure, external economies, gross domestic & national products (GDP & GNP), growth poles, infrastructure (fixed social capital), initial advantage, localization economies, economic structure, primary/secondary/tertiary activities, spread effects, structural adjustment program (SAP), transnational corporations (TNCs), urbanization economies, informal economies, commercial/non-commercial activities, GATT, WTO, trading blocs, debt, debt crisis, debt trap, outsourcing, maquiladoras, informal economies

Chapter 3: Pages 83-117, 123-125
Terms: census, agricultural density, demography, population density, population distribution, demography, agricultural density, baby boom, census, chain migration (beaten path) cohort, birth rate (BR), death rate (DR), population density, demographic transition, demography, dependency ratio (YDR & EDR), doubling time, emigration, gross & net migration, immigration, infant mortality rate (IMR), internal & international migration, life expectancy, migration, mobility, (rate of) natural increase (RNI – know the formula), doubling time (DT – know how to calculate), population (age-sex) pyramid, push & pull factors, urbanization, total fertility rate (TFR), chain migration (beaten path), emigration, gross & net migration, immigration, internal & international migration, migration, mobility,, voluntary & forced migration
Chapter 5: Pages 173-213 (except 204-205 on Quebec)
Terms: (cultural) adaptation, cultural complex, cultural geography, cultural hearths, cultural landscape, cultural nationalism, cultural region, cultural system, cultural trait, culture, dialect, diaspora, language, language branch, language family, language group, religion, rites of passage, lingua franca, extinct (dead) languages, living languages, Indo-European Family, linguistic refuge, shibboleth, isogloss, contact languages, pidgin, Creole, superstrate language, substrate language, alphabet, proselytic religions, ethnic religions, major world religions, visions of Canada
Chapters 1 & 6: Pages 33-36 & 215-247
Terms: landscape as text, derelict landscapes, ordinary landscape, vernacular landscapes, symbolic landscapes, linguistic landscape, landscapes of power, landscapes of consumption, landscapes of tragedy, sacred space, sense of place, semiotics, topophilia, territoriality, proxemics, Modernity, Postmodernity, cognitive image, place marketing, cultural commodification, palimpsest, toponyms, slow food movement
Chapter 8: Pages 297-337
Terms: agrarian, agricultural revolutions, agribusiness, agricultural industrialization, agricultural inputs,  agriculture, chemical farming, crop rotation, farm crisis, food chain, food manufacturing, food regime, globalized agriculture, Green Revolution, hunting & gathering, intensive subsistence, intercropping (intertillage), polyculture, monoculture, mechanization, pastoralism, pastoral nomadism, usufruct, shifting cultivation, subsistence agriculture, swidden, slash and burn, transhumance, peasant, urban agriculture, traditional agriculture, Fertile Crescent, commercial vs. non-commercial agriculture, First/Second/Third agricultural revolutions, adaptation, extensive vs. intensive agriculture, land equivalency ratio (LER), Von Thünen model, hectare, Fair Trade, Norman Borlaug
--also--
Chapter 3:Pages 1118-123 on population & resources
Terms: Thomas Malthus, Neo-Malthusians, population debate, carrying capacity, IPAT, ecological footprint
Chapter 9: Pages 339–387 and 204-205 on Quebec
Terms: centrifugal and centripetal forces, colonialism/neocolonialism/ decolonization, confederation, federation, geopolitics, international and supranational organizations, territorial organization, nation, nation-state, nationalism, sovereignty, self-determination, territory (including state, ethnic, religious, racial territoriality), unitary state (centralized government), enclave, exclave, inclusionary & exclusionary boundaries, secession, irredentism, state responses (coercion, ethnocide, genocide, unitary systems, etc.), ethnic cleansing, decolonization, north-south divide, UN, OECD, NATO, EU, NAFTA, Mercosur, OPEC, ASEAN

Chapter 10: Pages 389-407, 414-421, 440-442 (on Dubai)
 Terms: central place, central place theory, centrality, informal sector, primacy, primate city, range, threshold, rank-size rule, urban system, urbanism, urbanization, world city, urban agglomeration, urban, urban form, overurbanization, megacities, agglomeration diseconomies, decentralization, counterurbanization, reurbanization, world city, colonial city, shock city, gateway city
 
Chapter 11: Pages 423- 438, 449-454
Terms: accessibility, North American Cities, central business district (CBD), central cities, congregation, segregation, edge city, fiscal squeeze, gentrification, redlining, invasion and succession, zone in/of transition, polycentric metropolis,  concentric zone (ring) model, sector (and wedge) model, multiple nuclei model, urban utility and land use model, infrastructure, European city, Islamic City, medina,  informal economy, informal housing, shantytown, squatter housing, suburbanization, gated community,  CC & Rs, boomburbs, urban sprawl, "Generica"