SPSS Procedures

The data for the cemetery studies will be examined using SPSS-PC (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences on Personal Computers), which should be found in most of the UWEC comupter labs. Here are a few simple instructions to get you going. Don't be afraid to experiment with the many options in this very powerful statistical program.

After you selected Frequencies, here is what you see:

Select the variables, on the left, and move them, using the arrow, to the right-hand column.
Now select Statistics; here is what you get:

Notice that a few options have been selected. Try these. You can always come back later and select others.
When you select Charts, you get this:

The Bar charts are usually the best graph expression with Percentages selected. Try Histograms too.
To get the graphs to be larger, under Edit select Options, Charts, and Chart Aspect Ratio, and type 1.75 or 2.

Advanced Statistical Analysis: Correlations
For more advanced statistical analysis, use Crosstabs and select at least those options indicated:

Here is the result for a crosstab between the area  (age of burials) of the cemetery and tombstone styles:

In this case, the Pearson Chi-Square value of 456.126 with 126 degrees of freedom (df)
and a 2-sided significance of .000 indicate that the results are significant.
In other words, the results are not random and would not occurr in 1 out of 1,000 cases.