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What is a Text?
"A text is any artifact produced or modified to communicate meaning."
How do Scholars Study Texts?
"Think about what questions a person might ask about any artifact; all of them can apply to texts."
How do Literary Texts Differ from Others?
"The special kinds of texts we call literature use language in creative and imaginative--that is, playful--ways."
Reading and Seeing
"The trouble with too many literary critics is that . . . think the metaphoric filter they have discovered or been given is the only one worth looking through."
An Environmentalist Reading of "Hansel and Gretel"
"As textual theorists keep reminding us, no text ever simply transmits the message intended by the person who produced it."