General Chemistry Course Outline

Course Outline for Chemistry 103 D0D

Fall 2008 – Professor Boulter

Key notes: Currently assigned readings (for the current exam) and problems are highlighted in RED! Try to keep ahead of lecture…

This page will be kept “live” online and is updated regularly – please check the website frequently for changed readings and problems!

The assigned problems should be considered to be the absolute minimum required to be successful in Chem103 – if you are having any trouble, try adjacent problems to test your understanding!

Solutions will be posted on the website for you to check your work.

Lecture Material Covered	Text Readings	Text Problems
TOPIC I: Introduction to the science of chemistry.
1. The nature of chemical science a. Nanoscale vs. macroscale b. Classifications of matter i. Compounds vs. elements, mixtures vs. substances ii. Heterogeneous vs. homogeneous mixtures c. Energy’s central role i. Conversion of energy types ii. Direction of energy flow d. Observation and models e. Math skills in chemistry i. Problem solving ii. Using units & labels iii. Working with scientific notation & SI prefixes iv. Uncertainty & error v. Atoms, moles and mass vi. Solutions & concentration	Chapter 1 Read ALL Chapter 2 Read sections 2.1 & 2.9 (pp.41-43 and p. 75) Chapter 3 sections 3.1 (only thru p. 95) and 3.5 (121-125)	Chapter 1 problems: 1.2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 1.12, 1.14, 1.17, 1.19, 1.24, 1.26, 1.28, 1.31, 1.34, 1.39, 1.40, 1.44, 1.47, 1.49, 1.51(a&c), 1.52, 1.54, 1.58(a&c), 1.59(a-b), 1.60, 1.64, 1.68, 1.72, 1.73, 1,74, 1.77, 1.78(a-e), 1.81, 1.85, 1.87 Chapter 2 problems: Chapter 6 problems: 6.7, 6.96 Chapter 3 problems:
TOPIC II: Introduction to atomic structure and periodic properties.
2. Atoms a. Early understanding of chemistry up to 1900-ish b. Discovery of electrons, protons (and neutrons) c. Isotopes: atomic number and mass d. Mass spectrometry 3. Gas Laws a. Kinetic Molecular Theory b. Pressure c. T vs. P d. V vs. P e. n vs. P f. Ideal Gas Law 4. Atomic structure a. Photons and radiation b. Energy and atoms c. Electrons and light d. Quantum reality(?) e. Electronic energy f. Electron “orbitals” 5. Electron configuration and periodicity a. Filling shells and subshells b. Atomic & ionic configurations c. Prediction of periodic trends i. Atomic size ii. Ionization energy iii. Electron affinity iv. Ionic size d. Implications for ionic bonding	Chapter 2 Read sections 2.3 - 2.5, (including p. 55 AND section 2.9; also read p. 78, but NOT pp. 76-77) Chapter 5 Read section 5.1; (pp. 191-192 “Units of Pressure”); 5.3 (especially pp. 198-199); 5.6 (only thru p. 215 “Preparing Nuclear Fuel”) Chapter 7 Read sections 7.1-7.4 (pp.269-289, except p. 282) & rest of chapter (pp. 290-295) Chapter 8 Read sections 8.1-8.4 (pp. 303-333 except 330-331 about magnetism) NOTE: this is NOT easy reading; it will take you some time to digest it!	Chapter 2 problems: 2.1, 2.2, 2.7, 2.9, 2.15, 2.18, 2.30, 2.32, 2.33, 2.35, 2.36, 2.38, 2.39, 2.41, 2.43, 2.47, 2.49 2.117, 2.118, 2.119, 2.125, 2.134(b), 2.136, 2.137, 2.143 (ignore the final question), 2.145, 2.154, 2.157, 2.158 Chapter 5 problems: 5.1, 5.14(a,c), 5.28, 5.33, 5.64, 5.65, 5.71(a-b), and 5.72(a-b) Chapter 7 problems: 7.2, 7.5, 7.6(first 3 ?’s), 7.7, 7.9, 7.11, 7.15, 7.16, 7.20, 7.23, 7.25, 7.27, 7.30, 7.32, 7.33, 7.36, 7.37, 7.41, 7.45, 7.46, 7.48, 7.49, 7.51, 7.55, 7.57, 7.63, 7.68(a), 7.75, 7.76, 7.84, 7.97 Chapter 8 problems: 8.5, 8.9, 8.11, 8.13, 8.18, 8.19, 8.22, 8.23, 8.25, 8.31, 8.33, 8.35, 8.36, 8.37, 8.39, 8.41, 8.44, 8.46, 8.47, 8.48, 8.49, 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53, 8.55, 8.59, 8.61, 8.64, 8.67, 8.74, 8.76, 8.82 (ignore magnetism), 8.86, 8.88, 8.90, 8.102, 8.103
Topic III: Ions, their compounds and applications to physical properties.
6. Formation of ions and bonding a. Valence shells b. Electron exchange and bond formation c. Ionic lattice energy 7. Ionic compounds a. Classification of multi-atom systems (ionic vs. covalent) b. Properties of ionic solids c. Ionic compounds in solution d. Solubility of ionic compounds e. Weak electrolytes in solution f. Total & net ionic equations	Chapters 2, 9 Read sections 2.7 & 9.1-9.2 (pp. 60-64, 341-342, 344-350) (You can ignore all the fine detail regarding the Born-Haber cycle and “enthalpy,” on pp. 346-347) Chapter 4 Read sections 4.1-4.4 (only through p. 153)	Chapter 2 problems: 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.72, 2.76, 2.126 Chapter 9 problems: 9.6, 9.8, 9.16, 9.17, 9.26, 9.28, 9.32 Chapter 4 problems: 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.14(a, c), 4.16(a, c), 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.37(a, b), 4.38(a), 4.133(a), 4.137(a)
Topic IV: Chemical reactions and calculations using stoichiometry.
8. Balancing chemical equations a. Formulas and names of ionic compounds (& acids) b. Balancing molecular equations c. Balancing ionic reactions (total & net) 9. Types of chemical reactions a. Precipitation reactions b. Acids & bases: identity & naming c. Acid/base reactions d. Other reaction classifications 10. Moles in chemical calculations a. Conversions between mass & moles b. Molar mass of compounds c. Percent composition of substance d. Solution concentrations (molarity) 11. Stoichiometry a. Mass in chemical reactions b. Limiting & excess reagents c. Theoretical and percent yields d. (Pure) liquid densities in reactions e. Making and diluting solutions f. Solution volumes (M) in reactions g. Percent composition in reactions h. Gases (P, V & T) in reactions	Chapter 2 Read section 2.8 (skip from first 1/2 of p. 70 thru first paragraph of p. 72) Chapter 3 Read section 3.3 Chapter 4 (see sections 4.1-4.4, above) Chapter 2 Revisit section 2.8 (p. 72-73) Chapter 3 Read sections 3.1 (pp. 90-97) and 3.5 (pp.121-125) Chapter 3 Read sections 3.4 (pp. 109-119), 3.5 (pp. 125-127) Chapter 5 Read section 5.5 (NOTE: Yes, the assigned readings are broken up here; but in the end, you must have read ALL of chapter 3 except section 3.2)	Chapter 2 problems: 2.86, 2.87, 2.91, 2.93, 2.94, 2.95, 2.96(not d), 2.97(not c), 2.99, 2.102(not c), 2.114(not h) Chapter 3 problems: 3.48, 3.49, 3.50, 3.51, 3.53, 3.55(not b), 3.56(a) Chapter 4 problems: 4.27, 4.28, 4.29, 4.31, 4.33, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44, 4.46, 4.47, 4.49, 4.50, 4.120(not g or j) Chapter 2 problems: 2.104, 2.106, 2.107 Chapter 3 problems: 3.8, 3.10, 3.12, 3.14, 3.16(not b), 3.18, 3.26, 3.28, 3.58, 3.59, 3.63, 3.65, 3.68, 3.71, 3.73, 3.76, 3.78, 3.83, 3.86, 3.90(butane=C₄H₁₀), 3.93, 3.94, 3.96, 3.98, 3.101, 3.104, 3.106, 3.108, 3.110, STILL more to come… Chapter 5 problems: 5.52, 5.53, 5.56, 5.61, 5.94, 5.97, 5.101(a), 5.126
Topic V: Covalent molecules: models of structure and polarity.
12. Covalent compounds a. Nature of covalent vs. ionic, revisited! b. Nomenclature of covalent compounds 13. Simple covalent bonding models a. Valence electrons, revisited! _____________________________ b. Lewis symbol model of bonding c. Resonance & radicals d. Limitations and exceptions to Lewis e. Molecular shapes and VSEPR f. Atomic electronegativity g. Bond polarity (dipoles) h. Overall molecular polarity	Chapter 2 Revisit sections 2.7 (pp. 62-63), and 2.8 (p. 70) Chapters 9 & 10 Revisit section 9.1, 9.3 (pp. 351 & 352) _______________ Read sections 10.1-10.2 Read sections 9.3 & 9.5 Read section 10.3	Chapter 2 problems: 2.61, 2.81, 2.82, 2.100, 2.101, 2.110, 2.111, 2.112, 2.115 Chapter 10 problems: 10.1, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6(a,b), 10.7(a,c), 10.8(a,c), 10.9, 10.11, 10.14, 10.15, 10.19(a,c), 10.20(a), 10.26, 10.28, 10.30, 10.31, 10.32, 10.34, 10.36, 10.40, 10.42, 10.44, 10.48, 10.53, 10.55, 10.57, 10.66, 10.78, 10.87, 10.93, 10.99
Topic VI: Intermolecular forces – applications to physical properties.
14. Intermolecular Forces a. Dipole forces between molecules (IMF) b. Effects of IMF on covalent molecules i. Melting/boiling points ii. Vapor pressure iii. Viscosity & surface tension iv. Solubility/miscibility Please note that, since I ran out of time at the end of term, this section will be in much less detail on the exam than in the assigned readings. That is, I *won’t* be expecting you to know material I *didn’t* cover in lecture. But the textbook readings will be very helpful in reviewing and understanding the material covered in lecture…	Chapter 12 Read sections 12.3-12.4 Chapter 13 Read section 13.1 *…and that’s all,* *folks!!!*	Chapter 12 problems: 12.3, 12.5, 12.30, 12.56, 12.58, 12.60, 12.68 Chapter 13 problems: 13.6, 13.119

Lecture Material Covered

Text Readings

Text Problems

TOPIC I: Introduction to the science of chemistry.

1. The nature of chemical science

a. Nanoscale vs. macroscale

b. Classifications of matter

i. Compounds vs. elements, mixtures vs. substances

ii. Heterogeneous vs. homogeneous mixtures

c. Energy’s central role

i. Conversion of energy types

ii. Direction of energy flow

d. Observation and models

e. Math skills in chemistry

i. Problem solving

ii. Using units & labels

iii. Working with scientific notation & SI prefixes

iv. Uncertainty & error

v. Atoms, moles and mass

vi. Solutions & concentration

Chapter 1

Read ALL

Chapter 2

Read sections 2.1 & 2.9 (pp.41-43 and p. 75)

Chapter 3

sections 3.1 (only thru p. 95) and 3.5 (121-125)

Chapter 1 problems:

1.2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 1.9, 1.12, 1.14, 1.17, 1.19, 1.24, 1.26, 1.28, 1.31, 1.34, 1.39, 1.40, 1.44, 1.47, 1.49, 1.51(a&c), 1.52, 1.54, 1.58(a&c), 1.59(a-b), 1.60, 1.64, 1.68, 1.72, 1.73, 1,74, 1.77, 1.78(a-e), 1.81, 1.85, 1.87

Chapter 2 problems:

Chapter 6 problems:

6.7, 6.96

Chapter 3 problems:

TOPIC II: Introduction to atomic structure and periodic properties.

2. Atoms

a. Early understanding of chemistry up to 1900-ish

b. Discovery of electrons, protons (and neutrons)

c. Isotopes: atomic number and mass

d. Mass spectrometry

3. Gas Laws

a. Kinetic Molecular Theory

b. Pressure

c. T vs. P

d. V vs. P

e. n vs. P

f. Ideal Gas Law

4. Atomic structure

a. Photons and radiation

b. Energy and atoms

c. Electrons and light

d. Quantum reality(?)

e. Electronic energy

f. Electron “orbitals”

5. Electron configuration and periodicity

a. Filling shells and subshells

b. Atomic & ionic configurations

c. Prediction of periodic trends

i. Atomic size

ii. Ionization energy

iii. Electron affinity

iv. Ionic size

d. Implications for ionic bonding

Chapter 2

Read sections 2.3 - 2.5, (including p. 55 AND section 2.9; also read p. 78, but NOT pp. 76-77)

Chapter 5

Read section 5.1; (pp. 191-192 “Units of Pressure”); 5.3 (especially pp. 198-199); 5.6 (only thru p. 215 “Preparing Nuclear Fuel”)

Chapter 7

Read sections 7.1-7.4 (pp.269-289, except p. 282)

& rest of chapter (pp. 290-295)

Chapter 8

Read sections 8.1-8.4 (pp. 303-333 except 330-331 about magnetism)

NOTE: this is NOT easy reading; it will take you some time to digest it!

Chapter 2 problems:

2.1, 2.2, 2.7, 2.9, 2.15, 2.18, 2.30, 2.32, 2.33, 2.35, 2.36, 2.38, 2.39, 2.41, 2.43, 2.47, 2.49 2.117, 2.118, 2.119, 2.125, 2.134(b), 2.136, 2.137, 2.143 (ignore the final question), 2.145, 2.154, 2.157, 2.158

Chapter 5 problems:

5.1, 5.14(a,c), 5.28, 5.33, 5.64, 5.65, 5.71(a-b), and 5.72(a-b)

Chapter 7 problems:

7.2, 7.5, 7.6(first 3 ?’s), 7.7, 7.9, 7.11, 7.15, 7.16, 7.20, 7.23, 7.25, 7.27, 7.30, 7.32, 7.33, 7.36, 7.37, 7.41, 7.45, 7.46, 7.48, 7.49, 7.51, 7.55, 7.57, 7.63, 7.68(a), 7.75, 7.76, 7.84, 7.97

Chapter 8 problems:

8.5, 8.9, 8.11, 8.13, 8.18, 8.19, 8.22, 8.23, 8.25, 8.31, 8.33, 8.35, 8.36, 8.37, 8.39, 8.41, 8.44, 8.46, 8.47, 8.48, 8.49, 8.50, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53, 8.55, 8.59, 8.61, 8.64, 8.67, 8.74, 8.76, 8.82 (ignore magnetism), 8.86, 8.88, 8.90, 8.102, 8.103

Topic III: Ions, their compounds and applications to physical properties.

6. Formation of ions and bonding

a. Valence shells

b. Electron exchange and bond formation

c. Ionic lattice energy

7. Ionic compounds

a. Classification of multi-atom systems (ionic vs. covalent)

b. Properties of ionic solids

c. Ionic compounds in solution

d. Solubility of ionic compounds

e. Weak electrolytes in solution

f. Total & net ionic equations

Chapters 2, 9

Read sections 2.7 & 9.1-9.2 (pp. 60-64, 341-342, 344-350) (You can ignore all the fine detail regarding the Born-Haber cycle and “enthalpy,” on pp. 346-347)

Chapter 4

Read sections 4.1-4.4 (only through p. 153)

Chapter 2 problems:

2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63, 2.72, 2.76, 2.126

Chapter 9 problems:

9.6, 9.8, 9.16, 9.17, 9.26, 9.28, 9.32

Chapter 4 problems:

4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.7, 4.14(a, c), 4.16(a, c), 4.24, 4.25, 4.26, 4.37(a, b), 4.38(a), 4.133(a), 4.137(a)

Topic IV: Chemical reactions and calculations using stoichiometry.

8. Balancing chemical equations

a. Formulas and names of ionic compounds (& acids)

b. Balancing molecular equations

c. Balancing ionic reactions (total & net)

9. Types of chemical reactions

a. Precipitation reactions

b. Acids & bases: identity & naming

c. Acid/base reactions

d. Other reaction classifications

10. Moles in chemical calculations

a. Conversions between mass & moles

b. Molar mass of compounds

c. Percent composition of substance

d. Solution concentrations (molarity)

11. Stoichiometry

a. Mass in chemical reactions

b. Limiting & excess reagents

c. Theoretical and percent yields

d. (Pure) liquid densities in reactions

e. Making and diluting solutions

f. Solution volumes (M) in reactions

g. Percent composition in reactions

h. Gases (P, V & T) in reactions

Chapter 2

Read section 2.8 (skip from first 1/2 of p. 70 thru first paragraph of p. 72)

Chapter 3

Read section 3.3

Chapter 4

(see sections 4.1-4.4, above)

Chapter 2

Revisit section 2.8 (p. 72-73)

Chapter 3

Read sections 3.1 (pp. 90-97) and 3.5 (pp.121-125)

Chapter 3

Read sections 3.4 (pp. 109-119), 3.5 (pp. 125-127)

Chapter 5

Read section 5.5

(NOTE: Yes, the assigned readings are broken up here; but in the end, you must have read ALL of chapter 3 except section 3.2)

Chapter 2 problems:

2.86, 2.87, 2.91, 2.93, 2.94, 2.95, 2.96(not d), 2.97(not c), 2.99, 2.102(not c), 2.114(not h)

Chapter 3 problems:

3.48, 3.49, 3.50, 3.51, 3.53, 3.55(not b), 3.56(a)

Chapter 4 problems:

4.27, 4.28, 4.29, 4.31, 4.33, 4.41, 4.42, 4.43, 4.44, 4.46, 4.47, 4.49, 4.50, 4.120(not g or j)

Chapter 2 problems: 2.104, 2.106, 2.107

Chapter 3 problems:

3.8, 3.10, 3.12, 3.14, 3.16(not b), 3.18, 3.26, 3.28, 3.58, 3.59, 3.63, 3.65, 3.68, 3.71, 3.73, 3.76, 3.78, 3.83, 3.86, 3.90(butane=C₄H₁₀), 3.93, 3.94, 3.96, 3.98, 3.101, 3.104, 3.106, 3.108, 3.110, STILL more to come…

Chapter 5 problems: 5.52, 5.53, 5.56, 5.61, 5.94, 5.97, 5.101(a), 5.126

Topic V: Covalent molecules: models of structure and polarity.

12. Covalent compounds

a. Nature of covalent vs. ionic, revisited!

b. Nomenclature of covalent compounds

13. Simple covalent bonding models

a. Valence electrons, revisited!

_____________________________

b. Lewis symbol model of bonding

c. Resonance & radicals

d. Limitations and exceptions to Lewis

e. Molecular shapes and VSEPR

f. Atomic electronegativity

g. Bond polarity (dipoles)

h. Overall molecular polarity

Chapter 2

Revisit sections 2.7 (pp. 62-63), and 2.8 (p. 70)

Chapters 9 & 10

Revisit section 9.1, 9.3 (pp. 351 & 352)

_______________

Read sections 10.1-10.2

Read sections 9.3 & 9.5

Read section 10.3

Chapter 2 problems:

2.61, 2.81, 2.82, 2.100, 2.101, 2.110, 2.111, 2.112, 2.115

Chapter 10 problems:

10.1, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5, 10.6(a,b), 10.7(a,c), 10.8(a,c), 10.9, 10.11, 10.14, 10.15, 10.19(a,c), 10.20(a), 10.26, 10.28, 10.30, 10.31, 10.32, 10.34, 10.36, 10.40, 10.42, 10.44, 10.48,

10.53, 10.55, 10.57, 10.66, 10.78, 10.87, 10.93, 10.99

Topic VI: Intermolecular forces – applications to physical properties.

14. Intermolecular Forces

a. Dipole forces between molecules (IMF)

b. Effects of IMF on covalent molecules

i. Melting/boiling points

ii. Vapor pressure

iii. Viscosity & surface tension

iv. Solubility/miscibility

Please note that, since I ran out of time at the end of term, this section will be in much less detail on the exam than in the assigned readings. That is, I won’t be expecting you to know material I didn’t cover in lecture. But the textbook readings will be very helpful in reviewing and understanding the material covered in lecture…

Chapter 12

Read sections 12.3-12.4

Chapter 13

Read section 13.1

…and that’s all,

folks!!!

Chapter 12 problems:

12.3, 12.5, 12.30, 12.56, 12.58, 12.60, 12.68

Chapter 13 problems:

13.6, 13.119