Lecture notes: CHEM103 – November 11, 2008

 

LECTURE OUTLINE:

 

0.    Nomenclature review/wrap-up

naming polyatomic ions

naming acids

 

1.    Recognizing types of reactions

a.     Precipitation reactions

b.     Gas producing reactions

c.     Acid/base reactions

d.     Combustion reactions

e.     Decomposition reactions

f.       Other form of reaction classification:

                                                                         i.      Single displacement

                                                                       ii.      Double displacement

 

 

2.    Balancing chemical equations

a.     Balancing molecular equations

(Conservation of mass!)

b.     Balancing ionic reactions (total & net)

(Both mass and charge balanced!)

 

 

 

 

 

SOME SIMPLE NOMENCLATURE REVIEW PROBLEMS:

 

          copper (I) phosphide,    CuCl2,    tin (II) chloride,    LiH,    HBr,    aluminum oxide

 

 

 

 

 

NOW – NOMENCLATURE WITH POLYATOMIC IONS:

 

siL48593_t02_03siL48593_t02_05

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Examples:           

 

iron (III) nitrate;  ammonium acetate;  zinc (II) perchlorate;  sodium dihydrogen phosphate;  calcium phosphite

 

 

 

 

 

RULES FOR NAMING ACIDS:

 

(What’s an acid?  A combination of hydrogen(s) with non-metal(s))

 

 

         

hydrohalides (acids)

 

HCl

HBr

HI

 

 

oxo-acids

 

acetate

carbonate

 

nitrate

SO42–

 

nitrite

SO32–

 

ClO–

ClO2–

ClO3–

ClO4–

 

 

 

KNOW THE FOLLOWING STRONG ACIDS

(strong electrolytes, fully dissociated in aqueous solution)

 

          HCl

          HBr

          HI

HNO3

H2SO4

ClO4

 

 

 

 

REACTION TYPES:

 

          Precipitation reactions

Silver nitrate and sodium chromate form silver chromate solid and sodium nitrate.

 

 

Acid/base reactions

When sulfuric acid encounters calcium carbonate (limestone), calcium sulfate, carbon dioxide and water result.

 

 

          Combustion reactions

Octane (C8H18) burns in air to form carbon dioxide (CO2) & water (H2O).

 

 

Decomposition reactions

Potassium chlorate, heated, produces potassium chloride and oxygen (O2).

 

 

Gas producing reactions

Lithium metal reacts with water to from lithium hydroxide and hydrogen gas (H2).

 

 

         

 

Other reaction classifications:

 

          Double displacement (replacement)

When calcium chloride and sodium phosphate solutions are mixed, what happens?

 

 

Single displacement

When heated, aluminum metal and iron (III) oxide combine to form what products?

 

 

 

 

Key: if you know the reaction type, you can predict the reaction products: the chemical outcome